Poker

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

To succeed consistently at Texas hold em Poker or any poker for that matter it’s quite crucial to increase the pot when you happen to be initially in.

I’m not a massive fan of continuously limping in, calling the big blind, when I am the first gambler to set chips into the pot before or after the flop.

It doesn’t mean that I never do it.

But let me explain with five reasons why you should constantly elevate the pot when you happen to be first in: Show Strength and Take Control

If you raise the pot when you are first in you automatically take control. You show strength in your hand. You take over the power in that hand and your competitors will look to you to drive the betting for the rest of the hand. You might be showing to your opponents that you fully expect to succeed the hand.

Obtain Rid of the Weak Arms

By raising when you are 1st in many gamblers will fold. Most players desire to wager on as a lot of palms as possible. Even if their starting palms are horrible. Therefore they are going to call the massive blind often in hopes to determine a cheap flop. Produce them pay and they will fold. Thus eliminating your competition and increasing your odds of succeeding that hand. Keep in mind you do not want your competitors to have free of charge cards that can beat you.

Steal Blinds and Pots

By acting first you’ll be able to steal plenty of blinds and pots. Nevertheless, you only desire to steal blinds when they’re worth stealing. Don’t worry about acting initially and laying huge bets and raising when the blinds are only ten/twenty. It’s not worth it. Save that system when the blinds have larger.

Obtain a Better Examine on Your Opponents

Permit your self early in a game to elevate the pot when you’re initial in to determine what your competitors do. Too several gamblers focus too a lot on simply succeeding the hand rather than what their opponents are doing. By obtaining a read on a player(s) you can set oneself up for bigger wins later on.

Generate it Challenging for Your Competitors to Have a Examine on You

Whenever you mix up your betting and raising when you happen to be very first in you may set your competitors on their heals. Bet huge one time, small the next. With very good fingers and weak ones particularly early on and they won’t know what you’re doing. Believe me. That’s a very good thing.

Rock on with these merely except incredibly successful strategies and you will win a whole lot far more when wagering Hold em Poker.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

As a starting, Omaha hold’em poker-player you may acquire confused at times as you try to ferret out the top five-card poker hand among the 5 community cards around the center of the table and the 4 exclusive cards inside your hand. But don’t worry, if you’ll be able to bet on Holdem, you are able to wager on Omaha too – it just takes some obtaining used to.

The poker games appear equivalent, and at first place the distinctions seem modest:

Hold’em players are dealt two private cards and may use each, one, as well as neither of them to form the top poker hand. Except in Omaha hold’em each player is dealt 4 private cards and must use precisely 2 of them – you can’t use much more, nor can you use fewer than two – to form the very best poker hand.

Individuals seemingly modest distinctions in rules and procedures cascade so dramatically through the requirements for excellent bet on that even a skilled Hold’em player cannot generate the transition to Omaha with out substantial forethought.

Important adjustments in poker hands strategy and tactics, and a actual appreciation for your truth that although these games are structurally similar, they are extremely various beasts.

That’s one of the reasons for this posting. You just can not read a content on Texas hold em and interpolate your actions into very good Omaha hold’em wager on. The games are so several that separate articles are required. It’s like the distinction between driving a automobile and flying a tiny airplane. Both run on internal combustion engines and the engines aren’t all that various in principle. Except just because you’ve been driving a vehicle all your life doesn’t mean you’re prepared to step into that cockpit and take off. You will need a brand new set of expertise.

In Omaha/8 as in most split-pot games. there’s no shortage of action, and lots of chips may possibly be on the table. Several gamblers vie with the very best decreased hand,several to the ideal superior one, and still others hope to scoop the entire pot.

Omaha, no matter whether it is eight-or-better, hi/lo split or bet for good only, also creates action because each player is dealt 4 cards as opposed to the two that Texas holdem players acquire. Naturally, with 4 cards to decide on from, several gamblers have no trouble discovering hands to bet on. in truth, a lot of wager on most, as well as all. But that’s a instead slippery slope, and we wish you will not go there. At least, we hope you won’t right after reading this write-up. I-land selection is one of an Omaha hold’em gambler’s most critical skills. Because many players involve themselves in far too numerous hands, they develop weaknesses for skilled players to exploit. You’ll be capable to exploit those weaknesses too. Well show you how a small later in the posting.

If You’ve Never Wagered Prior to:

If you’re wagering Omaha high-only or Omaha/8 for that first time, except you’ve had some experience playing Hold em. you are able to

expect these variations:

� Omaha/S is really a split-pot casino game. That usually means you will uncover much more action: far more gamblers in each and every pot, additional chips in the center of the table, more folks going all-in on big draws. This added action is one of the game’s major attractions.

� Gamblers must make their very best live-card poker hands by using specifically 2 of their private cards and exactly three communal cards.

In Hold em, the most beneficial hand may be formed using 2, one, or none of your private cards. If you’re playing Texas hold’em and hold the ace of hearts inside your hand while the board contains 4 additional hearts, you have a flush. Except if all you hold is one heart among your 4 private.

Omaha Variations:

Omaha poker, no matter whether played as a pot-limit casino game for great only or as the "eight-or-better, High/Low split variety" – the kind you will locate played in most American gambling houses – Is a variation of Hold em. In Omaha, as in Hold em, 5 community cards are dealt face up in the center of the table and are combined with the exclusive cards in every gambler’s hand to kind the top poker hand. The games appear equivalent, and at primary glance the differences seem tiny at finest: Hold em gamblers are dealt 2 exclusive cards and may possibly use each, one, or even neither of them to kind the most effective poker hand. Except in Omaha just about every gambler is dealt 4 exclusive cards and must use precisely 2 of them – you can’t use more, nor can you use fewer than two – to form the very best poker hand.

Individuals seemingly smaller distinctions in rules and procedures cascade so dramatically through the requirements for very good bet on that even a skilled Texas holdem player can’t make the transition to Omaha with out considerable forethought. Important adjustments in system and tactics, and a actual appreciation for your fact that even though these games are structurally very much the same, they are really diverse beasts.

That’s one of the reasons for this posting. You just cannot read a article on Texas hold em and interpolate your actions into very good Omaha play. The games are so diverse that separate articles are necessary. It is like the difference among driving a automobile and flying a little airplane. Both run on internal combustion engines and the engines aren’t all that diverse in principle. Except just because you’ve been driving a car all your life doesn’t mean you are ready to step into that cockpit and take off. You need to have a brand new set of abilities.

Omaha High/Low:

In Omaha/8 poker, as in most split-pot games, there’s no shortage of action, and lots of chips may well be around the table. A few gamblers try to the greatest reduced hand, a number of for your best great one, and still others wish to scoop the entire pot. Omaha. no matter whether it is eight-or-better, hi/lo split or wagered for superior only, also creates action because each and every gambler is dealt 4 cards instead of the two that Holdem gamblers obtain. Naturally, with 4 cards to decide on from, many players have no trouble finding hands to wager on. in simple fact, quite a few bet on most, or even all. But that’s a rather slippery slope, and we hope you won’t go there. At least, we hope you won’t soon after reading this write-up.

I-land selection is one of an Omaha gambler’s most critical abilities. Because many players involve themselves in far as well numerous hands, they develop weaknesses for skilled players to exploit. You will be capable to exploit those people weaknesses too. Well show you how a tiny later in the article.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Wagering on poker on the web is an awesome activity for a number of folks. These individuals range from the just of legal age when it comes to playing poker on the internet to players who are much older and wanting to have a source of enjoyment and exhilaration.

First and foremost, it is extremely favorable to wager on poker on the web. A person doesn’t have to travel to get to a net betting house, if they own a computer and net access they don’t even need to head out their home. Also, net poker casinos never close. Secondly, playing poker on the net provides a much amicable environment, where figuring out and advancing as a competitor without the anxiety that may come from competing in poker in a brick and motar betting house.

Finally, taking part in poker online permits a person to be able to compete in poker when any friends they want, at any time they want to, regardless of where the friends are, just as long as they all have access to the internet.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

If you are 1 of the millions of gamblers that like betting on poker then you’re likely interested in finding the foremost poker room on the net. Finding the top poker site might take a bit of work on your bit but it will be worth it. If you want to discover the foremost poker site there are a number of features that you should watch for before you join the casino.

1st of all when you are looking for the top poker site you’ll want to find a website that’s prosperous and has a variety of members. A site that is successful will have a number of gamblers wagering on poker and this will probably infer that there will be poker games through out 24/7 for you to wager on. If there are a number of people who have signed up at the site that’s a great clue that the site is enjoyable and actually offers excellent customer support.

Another feature to examine when trying to locate the top poker room is the variations that are presented on the site. If a poker room only has one style of poker available it might not be the greatest poker site for you, except of course that is your preferred game. Poker sites that provide a variety of poker games such as 7 Card Stud, omaha/8, and hold’em are poker rooms that will have a fair amount to offer you.

it’s also crucial that you find a poker room that provides great safety as well. You will want to be certain that any information you give is protected. Finding the best poker room may take a little time, but if you’re sure to evaluate the wins, the types offered, and the safety of the website you’ll be sure to identify the top-ranked poker website that is offered on the web.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Poker has grown into an extremely beloved poker variety in the last couple of years due to the fact that the media has been concentrating on poker and putting on tv things like Late Night Poker. The big rage has become competing in poker on the internet rather than gambling in a land based casino. One of the most favorite type of poker that is competed in both online and offline is Texas Holdem poker. This type of poker is quite simple to compete in and most individuals enjoy taking part in it. If you have never wagered on poker in the past then you will likely want to begin with an easy style like hold’em poker.

Texas hold’em poker begins with every player getting two cards. After individuals peer at their cards bets are placed and then the dealer delivers a flop of 3 cards. With the aim of the game being making the best hand possible with your cards and the board cards. Betting will happen once more, or you can decide to fold out your hand if you do not believe you have a hope. After that round of wagering the fourth card, called the turn card, is then distributed. Once again there is wagering where gamblers can call, raise, or drop out. Then the very last card, referred to as the river card is dealt out. This is the final card dealt and there is wagering again. Often the betting can get pretty pricey at this point, folding is a great idea if you have very little in your hand. The champion is the gambler who has the very best hand at the table.

There are a variety of webpages that provide texas hold’em poker if you’re really into playing. It is fairly easy and there are a great many folks who like competing in the game. If you like holdem poker there’s a ton of money to be gained on the internet.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Though there may be no argument that QQ is one of the most powerful beginning arms in no limit Texas hold’em, it also might be challenging to wager on correctly. The trademark of a excellent player is one who can win huge pots although losing small ones. What this means is always that the best players minimize their losses when they do lose a palm and maximize their profit once they win. QQ is one of the starting fingers that separate the succeeding gamblers and the losing ones.

When you might be very first to act or the initial player who has not limped into the pot, you should raise most of the time. You will find two reasons for this. The primary is you do not want anyone to see the flop for cheap, specifically arms with an Ace and smaller kicker. The 2nd reason is that you just need to do everything you can to locate the strength within your opponents hands. By raising, if one of your opponents re-raises and/or moves all in, you are going to have a challenging determination to generate, but you may well be able to receive away from the palm when you think your opponent has AA or King, King. This is the absolute worst position to be in. In addition, QQ plays greatest towards one or two opponents. You need to keep all of one’s pre flop raises roughly the identical to not give away the strength of your respective side, usually three or four periods the large blind.

Wagering QQ right after the flop is usually straightforward. If you have shown power by raising pre flop, continue to show power until one of one’s opponents convinces you that they possess a much better hand. This includes when an Ace hits to the flop. You must wager to represent an Ace in your hand. Should you check, you will be giving your opponents permission to steal the pot from you, as you may have to fold to a bet. After you wager and an challenger calls or raises, you then must decide if they in fact possess a much better palm or not. In most cases they’ll possess a far better hand because you might have shown energy two instances and they should respect your hand, unless you’ve got been playing too loose.

You will discover a few predicaments in which I will verify immediately after the flop. They the two occur when I am in the hand with an aggressive challenger and I feel I have the most beneficial hand. The first is when a Queen hits to the flop giving me trips. By checking, rarely will a absolutely free card hurt me if my challenger does not bet and this gives them a chance to bluff off far more chips to me. The other situation is when the flop doesn’t have an Ace and appears ragged. My plan when this happens would be to move all in when my opponent bets soon after I check. There’s danger in each of these conditions, specifically the later one. Your challenger may possibly have hit a set, by which case you might be drawing virtually dead. Nevertheless, I have discovered that the periods they can’t beat my hands far outweigh the instances they can, so these situations are profitable.

The key to the two of these is that you simply must be sure your opponent will take the bait and bet. Giving no cost cards might be harmful. I usually do not do this when two cards of the very same suit are to the flop unless of course I did flop a set. Whenever you flop a set, you might have many outs to a full house, even in opposition to a flush. The other thing is usually that these plays do not work quite well towards the best competition. They are going to respect your hands and will be less likely to bluff at the pot immediately after you check until you do a great job of acting weak. Right after showing pre flop power, this is generally difficult.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Are you trying to find a strategy to add a number of dollars to your monthly budget? Would you like to do it from the comfort of your personal home? Why not earn extra money betting poker? Here are the answers to several of individuals questions that have no doubt, been plaguing you, the burgeoning internet poker player.

How much poker expertise do I need?

That is a excellent query. When I first commenced I had no idea how you can bet on web based poker. I couldn’t recall whether or not a straight beat a flush or vice versa. And I undoubtedly did not comprehend all of the lingo that went with it; flop, gut shot, turn, river? And what the heck is huge slick? Or even a total boat? When I started off to wager on, I joined the free tables, where persons play for that understanding, not for the money. I learned the basic rules of Holdem, and tips on how to wager on a basic poker game. So it can be easy to create up your poker information with no spending a lot of money to do so. Do you need lots of basic knowledge? Not to start off, but it is advisable to be actively building up your knowledge as you go along.

How Must I Select a Poker Internet site?

Once again an critical choice. You don’t desire to go into this judgement swiftly and without the need of thought. The reason is, poker web-sites want your business, and some of them will spend you for it. This payment comes in the form of sign up bonus money. Internet sites gives you a percentage of this initial deposit in bonus money that’s additional to your account. In a few cases this will be 25 percent, except several web sites provides you with up to 200 per-cent deposit bonus. The catch is, you must wager on a particular quantity of hands, or wager a specific amount of money previous to this bonus is released. But, a discovering poker gambler can gain significantly from these deposit bonuses as it’ll increase their bankroll whilst they’re discovering the ropes. The other factor you need to investigation is poker data web sites. They’ll typically have special provides in order to have you "click through" from their web page to the poker web site of the alternative. They’re going to also typically have negotiated specific offers while using the poker websites to be able to supply you using the ideal achievable deposit bonus. So will not market your self short when beginning your internet based poker journey.

Okay, I am ready to set some money into poker on line. How do I do this? The poker web-sites want you to bring money to their tables, so they attempt to make this as easy as doable for you personally to perform. Possibly probably the most reputable and nicely established signifies to do so would be to use Neteller. Think of Neteller becoming to net poker what Paypal is always to Ebay. It will make it possible for you to transfer money to and from your bank account into and out of the poker websites with all the greatest of ease. Just go to neteller.com and abide by the directions there.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

You wont locate five card attract poker in the gambling den or online a lot as newer hybrid varieties are far more popular.

However 5 card bring could be the basis of the many new games (including the poker discovered on video slots So let us learn it here and you the fundamentals taken care of, prior to you look at all of the variants.

Poker is really a really easy casino game to wager on but can take years to master and is essentially a casino game of psychology and is one gambling house game exactly where the best hand doesn’t guarantee you will win.

Let us appear at the basics of five card draw poker.

Wagering the Casino game of 5 Card Attract Poker

5 Card Bring Poker begins only when all gamblers place an ‘ante’ or opening bet into the ‘pot’ (about the table).

You can find specific variations concerning the gambling, and the casino game is typically nicknamed right after these. Following the antes are all in, the croupier will deal five cards to each player, all face down.

In 5 Card Attract Poker, all cards are hidden until the hand is finished.

Because of this there may be no real facts on who’s holding what.

The only clues you may have, are wager amounts, the ‘tells’ or nervousness or confidence of the players, and also how quite a few cards each and every gambler drew, and obviously, there’s the prospect any or all of them could possibly be bluffing.

This is seriously what makes poker so thrilling the expectation and anticipation. This especially five card attract poker, as you truly won’t understand who’s bluffing, who has a good hand, who not, till the really end.

The Games Routine

Now the gambler to the croupier’s left can either bet, with an option to bet ($5 at this point) or to check, meaning to pass, or fold (drop out of the hand).

In case the primary gambler bets, the 2nd gambler can no longer check. They can only call, increase or drop out. Usually you may only raise three times per hand.

Right after this spherical of gambling in 5 card craw poker, the gamblers remaining in the hand have the choice to change cards in their hand with new cards.

Again, the gambler to the dealers left would be the very first to ‘draw’ (take new cards for those he has discarded. He can throw away from one to four cards, and in some games all five). Subsequent, the other players draw in their turn.

The method to draw is for you and select the cards you don’t want, take away them and get rid of them from your hand.

Subsequent you give them to the dealer, at the identical time saying how many cards you would like ( note you may only take as several cards as you give to the dealer).

The Method of Exchanging Your Cards

As we said above, you can replace 1 to 4 of your cards. A number of games even permit 5 except it doesn’t really bring an advantage for you to do that in 5 Card Bring Poker.

Even exactly where you draw four new cards all will assume you are holding an ace, so you give away a few clue to your hand. In poker, the less facts you give the better. Its poor bet on to ask four cards. Therefore, the gamblers will attract from none to 3 cards.

The gambler who draws no cards is known to be "pat." This means to the other players he has a strong hand like a straight, a flush, or a full house, or naturally he may very well be bluffing.

Nevertheless there exists a type of bluff that is used to create the perception of strength.

In this situation a gambler usually might be holding 2 pair or three of a kind, and will bring no cards.

This can be a tactic in which you give up a possibly crucial opportunity to enhance your hand, in return for creating the appearance of even stronger hand than you have.

In the exact same thinking you might be holding a completely worthless hand will attract no cards.

You want to send out a message of strength, and should you mix this with sturdy wagering and raising, you might actually win with all folding prior to you.

The Conclusion

Now immediately after everyone has taken their cards we have the 2nd and last spherical of wagering. Here in our illustration you must bet at ten dollars.

It is the player who opened the wagering on the primary round who starts the betting about the second round.

Right after every one of the betting, calling and raising is done, the hand is over, and if additional than 1 gambler remains, every one of the gamblers lay their cards about the table so everyone can see who wins.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Can you like your seat with the Hold’em poker table? Do you desire to alter it? When need to you alter? Can you know what to complete? With these tactics, you are going to comprehend additional about how your spot in the table can affect your game.

Figuring Out Wherever The most effective Seat Is At Your Hold’em Poker Table

This all depends upon what varieties of gamblers are close to you at the table. After a number of hands, or by pre-play observation, you receive to recognise who just isn’t betting quite a few hands, who are going to be in just about every pot, who’s raising and that is calling. Here are several guidelines on picking or moving seats in Holdem (Limit) Poker.

Who are the players on your right that could act just before you? You choose two types.

1) A loose gambler

a couple of) Aggressive players.

This is because once they work prior to you, it will provide you with info on how your hand will play.

Examples of Loose Players At Your Hold’em Poker Table

It is important to recognise the type of gambler before you. One example is, if loose gamblers telephone call, then that goes a prolonged solution to helping you determine whether or not your suited connector hand will develop the correct chances to find out the flop. If an intense gambler raises you first then chances would be the odds are not there to cold call.

Now, reverse the situation and work prior to these guys. You’re dealt 78 hearts, a fantastic hand to generate money in the multi-way pot. You might not be sure which you will acquire referred to as therefore you fold.

Positive sufficient the loose gamblers phone, but you didn’t realize that because they have been acting right after you. Also, envision you develop the very same hand and also you made a decision to possibility calling only being raised by an intense gambler for your right. This final results in everyone else folding and leaving you to call up one a lot more wager to view the flop playing heads up out of placement with an intense player.

This isn’t a pretty picture.

The Strengths Of Passive Players With the Holdem Poker Table

It is good to own a passive player to your left. It is because they do not increase very much, contact lots, and seldom bet. A calling station will not give you quite a few troubles and you may not gain a great deal important details from them.

Keep tight gamblers on your left also, these players seldom wager on money hands therefore you won’t be in a lot of pots with them. They’re also fantastic to possess in your left because if it is usually a folded round for you in late position, it’s good to raise them and steal their blinds.

With these achievement points at choosing your placement at the Hold’em Poker table, you may be at an advantage. Just don’t forget, in the finish, it can be Lady Luck that may turn the tides so don’t forget to maintain a awesome head and really don’t let little mistakes preserve you from winning.

Read more about the
Las Vegas 2024 Super
Bowl Streaker!

Texas hold’em Poker, in the Restrict variant, is a measured, mathematical game. You might require strategies which might be designed to assist you generate one of the most money for that least effort. There is no magic formula except I will be giving you tips on how you can maximize your earnings potential.

Everybody knows you need to have excellent starting hands to become effective but that is far from the end of the story. There are many other vital points that must be addressed.

In this post I will concentrate on little stake limit hold’em cash in both live and web-based games.

The Household Holdem Poker Casino game

Johnny Moss once said he would wager his own grandmother in a hand! And this really is where a major issue exists as money brings out the worst in a few people.

I believe home games have their place when played for friendly stakes or for tiny purchase in tournaments. Having said that, as soon as the stakes go up occasionally friendships go out the door. I’ve heard from numerous of my friends involved with boy’s poker nights (little fee tournaments) which have moved to cash limit, and finally moved on to No Limit cash. The key reason for these moves being the involvement of Jack Daniels! Usually it works out fine but on a few occasions friendships have been tested. If you will be going to bet on at house make confident you bet on for fun or smaller money.

On Texas holdem Poker – On the internet

What a good concept – any day, anytime you may locate a casino game waiting for you for any stakes you please.

Wish to bet on a sit and go tournament for $5, certain no problem.

Wish to play $300/six hundred with the very best in the world then – yes it is out there.

In order to win the most, you should select the correct casino game to sit down in. As I stated, this article is for that tiny stake Hold em Limit gambler, so any statistics I deliver have that in mind. I say smaller stakes which I take to mean five cents/$1 tables up to $5/$10.

Log on to your online poker internet site and arrive in the lobby. Order the tables by stake and scroll down. You see 5 tables which are ten handed and so you determine to go around the waiting list.

Do you wait for the subsequent readily available seat?

That depends. If all of the tables have common pots of Seven Big Wagers (a huge bet may be the value of the wagers around the turn and the river, which in Restrict Texas holdem wager on are double the size of the pre flop and flop bets) then it doesn’t matter which one you wait for. If all except one table have less than 5 big bets and there is nobody in the queue for the desk with more than 5 large bets then it is worth waiting for that one.

Why do I put emphasis on typical pot size? Properly, the bigger the pot the far more you stand to gain when you win a pot. The tables that have five large bets or less are probably full of "Rocks" (tight players) and you are going to not be able to extract the maximum worth for your hand, or they will fold to any aggressive wager on you show them. Therefore your earnings per hour will decrease at these tables. Go for other tables together with the highest huge bet per pot average.

Additional Techniques For Picking A Desk With Hold em Poker

Another way that you can see which desk to select would be to look at the statistic "average seen flop".

This could be the percentage of gamblers which have seen the flop per hand. A number of web-based poker web sites display this in the lobby. If you are wagering tiny stakes Limit Hold’em, any table average with thirty five per-cent or greater should have your mouth watering.

A few poker web sites permit you to maintain a buddy list. I extremely encourage you to do this. Say you were wagering $2/$4 Hold em and a player on your desk is continually calling down cold calling pre-flop and showing down things like 6 of clubs 4 of spades from early position they should be added to your buddy list.

If you next log on you can check your record and see if they are playing. Even if they are wagering larger, it may possibly nicely be worth moving as much as take their money. This is particularly the case if you’ll be able to sit to their left and generate isolation raises to obtain them heads up with you. (I digress into poker statistics which we will obtain onto in due time).

It is only the beginning and I have just brushed the surface into how you can maximise your earnings beginning with casino game selection. At first, it might be about the appropriate tables. Try these suggestions and appear for a lot more of my suggestions about Holdem Poker.